From: Seeing Reason: Image and Language in Learning to Think
by Keith Stenning
page 73
Logic makes a radical distinction between discovery of a logical or mathematical proof and justification. Logic provides a mechanical criterion of justification. A conclusion is logically justified if it appears in a sequence of steps of derivation all of which follow from the problem statement or earlier derivations from it by one or other of the rules of inference. Each rule application is 'small' enough that it can be checked mechanically. But how we are to find such a chain of rule applications is a matter of discovery. Discovery can be (and historically has been) by dream, hallucination or revelation. Logic does have something to say about discovery, but by far its most intense focus is on the apparatus of justification, and on the very concept of justification itself.
This distinction in slightly different guise also lies at the foundation of our ideas of computation (historically no accident, since logic was the origin of our theoretical understanding of computation). Checking whether a rule application is a valid step in a proof is a mechanical operation; deciding what rule to apply and how in order to reach the goal is not, in genera;, a mechanical matter. Logicians distinguish between logic and theorem-prover. A logic (in this narrow technical sense) is the system (vocabulary, syntactic and semantic rules) and rules of inference (axioms, whatever...). Most abstractly, a logic is just an infinite set of theorems--pairs of sets of premisses and valid conclusions drawn from them. This is what is known as a consequence relation. It says nothing about how to find the chain of steps that will get from the premisses to the conclusion. This latter is the task of the theorem-prover--to discover the path from premisses to conclusion (if there is one). Theorem-provers may be algorithmic(follow a mechanical recipe for guaranteed success) or heuristic (offer rules of thumb which may increase the likelihood of finding proof but offers no guarantees)...
The mechanical nature of each rule application is critical to logic's approach to justification but unfortunately casual acquaintances come away with the impression that logical reasoning is mechanical. This is deeply paradoxical, since the main advances in logic in the twentieth century stemmed from the demonstration that even deductive reasoning cannon, in general, be mechanized. For example, there is no algorithm for deciding the truth of an arbitrary candidate theorem in the first order predicate calculus. [P6: I'll look that up later...I'm sure I used to know what it means...] Discovery is not, in general a mechanical but a heuristic process. Even if Poirot's steps in reasoning were as small as single rule application, what his mind's ear does not hear is the processes which lead him to discover his path to the conclusion. A very important part of what is being learned are heuristic methods for finding proofs.

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you realize that this post lays one helluva foundation
for the subconscious nature of racination, and, points out the limits of deductive techniques as against the psycho-evolutionary challenge of deracination?
Actually, more of the latter than the former, but bottom-line, a terse encapsulation of both..., effective manipulation of that essential psycho-logical bi-cameralism (deduction vs induction) is the essential kernal of the challenge facing anyone endeavoring to serve as an evolutionary change agent.
I disagree
The primary challenge is discovery vs. justification. The racination process lives entirely within the justification process, as do most anti-racist attempts I've seen,
trust me brah, this is an on-topic riff
and I hope I can get it all boiled down before too terribly long. I am a HUGE fan of Dawkins selfish gene books. But I profoundly deviate from Dawkins in my stubborn insistance that the allegedly mechanical blind watchmaker (dna) is minded and conscious.
Racism is a form of fundamentalism.
Darkening indeed....,
As you've noticed, I'm sure, but not really ever commented on, I model race on a religious, and more specifically Christian, system/syntactic/semantic base. It's not just modeling, imoho, if you're going to hack these huge phukking racination bugs out of the psycho-logical code base, you're going to be compelled to use scripting and coding tools that operate at a pre-deductive level. I'm not claiming zero-days on any such grandiose exploits, mind you, but I am quite confident that this is an optimal framing of the problem space in an American context.
Our most fundamental bone of contention
You have just now put your finger on our verymost fundamental disagreement. Like Dawkins, however, I am open to having my opinion changed. The racination process is constructed within the justification process, however, its implementation and transmission occur at that lower psycho-assembler level...,
Sho's you right on that point. It's also why ALL anti-racist attempts here-to-date have failed. You'll note that in parallel, all effective racist political programs (non-marginalized) have been ported over to coded, language of form expressions which allow plausible deniability. These expressions operate so as to compartmentalize the pre/post deductive awareness of racism. It's a helluva psycho-social coding trick...,
Case in point, Pat Buchanan is an architect of the new racist programme. But you would be very hard pressed to prove that he is a racist based on what he has written - it's why he continues to have currency in the mainstream.
my apologies for starting a riff
that I won't be able to continue until later today. Learning Center responsibilities beckon.., I'll catch up with you later on.
As you've noticed, I'm sure,
I did not notice that. I saw you modeling it on instinctive brain and body activity expressed in a technological metaphor. You then choose what to do via your religious semantic system.
It starts with modeling, though. Are you curing a vitamin C deficiency or a vitamin A deficiency?
Simple formula: abstraction. I think a really clumsy example would make it clearest; unfortunately it seems to have scrolled off the Breaking Blue page.
We do love the Google cache, though...
"Case in point, Pat Buchanan
"Case in point, Pat Buchanan is an architect of the new racist programme. But you would be very hard pressed to prove that he is a racist based on what he has written - it's why he continues to have currency in the mainstream."
What I find interesting is that Pat Buchanan and his views on race, ethnicity and other related matters does continue to have currency in the mainstream as long as Buchanan and his adherents and supporters confine their discussion and views to African Americans. If, however, Buchanan et al. venture into issues seen as bordering on what is perceived as the concerns or perogatives of Jews (e.g. Israel's policies toward Palestinians), Asians or Hispanics then the rug is pulled out from under them and he and his supporters are told to take a seat in the stands. As long as the issue pertains to African Americans, however, Buchanan's views and the perspectives of those who appear to share his views are considered a legitimate part of the mix.
Actually his anti-Mexican
Actually his anti-Mexican position is getting pretty damn popular too.
Tavis, Tom, and a whole buncha other folks don't get it...,
and are a looooong waaaaay away from any kind of commonality that would allow for discursive engagement on this theme;
What you said.., kind of, but for the longest, as with the reference I made I made on the experiment will fall thread - I modelled/described it in those same terms.
I have been describing Blackness as a cognitive body of christ for a while, and am only recently seeing how to Work my way out toward a more secular psycho-logical description. To me, religious praxis is nothing other than depth psychology and what folks call spiritual, I am very much at ease calling "subconscious".
Here's a flagrant example of me struggling with this descriptive approach here last year. At that time, you and PT were struggling with me - and a helluva long way from feeling it.
Neither. and neither are you. You're seriously trying to stimulate the growth of gills on an organism that has never been subject to the environmental stimulus that would provoke such specialization. While the humanity is shared in common, the psychological organs of perception/introspection - are not.
You already know this fact;
What you resist is my interpretation that this condition has caused psychological specialization as deeply in our organism as I consider it to be. Now, I agree with you that from an historical perspective, and as a governance strategy, racination arose at the level of justification. However, once implemented, it ran buckwild within the psyches of its hosts and infected parts and processes that it's authors probably never anticipated. or maybe they did....? That piece of history is neither here nor there to me.
I'll give you a specific case in point. IMO - yo boy dwshelf was doing the very best he could, with what he had. That cat was desperate to swim, and from time to time, he could be shown a glimpse of what a gill is, and what a gill does. Poor thing never made it past being sir nose devoidofunk though, did he? His persistance of effort is why I never really got mad at him - but wouldn't hesitate to tease him.
Now for real, I gotta go to Work.
"What you resist is my
"What you resist is my interpretation that this condition has caused psychological specialization as deeply in our organism as I consider it to be."
I don't disagree with this take at all. It seems self-evident to me. Â
I have been describing
Thank you. I always felt you presented your metaphor as a requirement. To me, THAT was our biggest difference.
Still a fucked up piece of scripture. YMMV, of course. Does V, in fact...
What I resist is going all that deep. My proposal that started all this unexpected discussion wasn't about all that deep modification of other folks. It just wasn't. The subsequent converstation became about such deep modification, and I resist connecting the content of my initial post to some plan to cure racism. It was about behavior...nothing more.
Actually his anti-Mexican
Actually his anti-Mexican position is getting pretty damn popular too.
It's hard to continue being seen as an example of a "model minority" when your demographic growth indicates that sooner rather than later you will be a majority. White folks in San Francisco loved the Asians until they were perceived as taking over the Richmond District.
Then there was teh Great
Then there was teh Great Japanese Scare, when they were going to buy up the country and (even more traumatic) change our management style.
I'm sure that all those blue
I'm sure that all those blue collar and middle-management white collar workers at Ford, GM and Chrysler are glad that the Japanese were turned back at the shore and, thus, prevented their own employers from adopting any Japanese management principles like "shared vulnerability" which is actually quite useful in assembly line work.Â
Thank you. I always felt you
As a student of historical application, I am at a loss to think of any other - reasonably well documented - cultural dramas in which the parallels are this close. That it centers on psycho-history - as much as a record of events - renders it even more inaccessible. Frankly, recognition of the gospels as psychological commentaries is not particularly mainstream.
All that deep?
Dood, it is what it is. There is no powerful or persuasive overtly racist movement in the American political mainstream. On the other hand, understood as a bastion of simple identity politics and utilizing tools and methods, there doesn't have to be.
Just my opinion, but all the overt behaviour modification you're gonna get, you've already gotten, and the pushback on that has been tremendous. The era of political correctness and multi-cultural respect is thankfully over. It was only ever a surface phenomenon masking depths of identity politics and psychology - like frosting on a turd. Where I come from, no matter how much frosting you slather on a turd, it'll never become a cake.....,
Different take on the same phenomenon...,
It appears we've nearly arrived at a backporch consensus.
To which one might retort, "the job then is to expose the latencies and force them into awareness" not when the memetic parasite uses metamorphic justification to defend itself against such exposure and exorcism. The personality cannot observe itself except with great difficulty. However, personality A. can observe personality B. with great insight and precision. Challenge comes in getting B. to hear anything that A. may have to tell him. The mechanical response, the collection of automatisms of which the ordinary waking state is comprised, resists all such intervention.
Just my opinion, but all the
Of course, that apples to Black folks as well, right?
Finally, the question I didn't see an answer to yet:
Oranges in a land of apples...,
I've gotta reverse the order of these to maximize response coherence.
It's a done deal magne. Equality under the law and the spirit of the law is what we said we needed. The former was granted and the latter has been systematically - and predictably - withheld. THAT is the essence of the psycho-social miscalculation of the Civil Rights Movement. The answer to this question is that the effects on the Black Psyche are diverse and observable all across America in the fragments of our formerly more topographically unitary communities. What you see is what you get.
Yes it apples. But if you accept the premise that we're psychologically altered by our longstanding environmental pressures, then it becomes an apples/oranges problem. Black folks are oranges, in a society of apples. So, we gots to Work with one another somewhat differently. Knowing what we know, it's now time for a hardcore "each one, teach 50" psychological insurgency. Children learn more from what you are than from what you teach, and activating goal-oriented Black Consciousness in children is a cinch compared with the the coincidental longterm installations in my business partners heads. Wash, rinse, repeat to the point where it's stable in a topologically constrained youth population. That is an imperative goal, imoho.
Which brings us back around to the socio-political APB that Cobb knocked right straight out of the ballpark a few days ago..., among other interpersonal prescriptions that we need to be diligently promoting and developing.
But if you accept the
You're funny.
That's where I started.
It's another one of the examples that makes me feel you require specific terminology.
Every branch of science
what you said....,
Now where exactly do you propose we go from here?
Keeping in mind the entire
Keeping in mind the entire discussion started as an admittedly useful sidetrack, and since beneath the terminology nothing countered anything I said (which determination was a part of the thread's usefulness), I clear the stack and continue processing.
As for Gurdjieff, it's like this...I know people who bombed studying analytical geometry but did well with economics. In economics they found the same calculation techniques taught in analytical geometry but they were attached to concepts they could relate to. Those same calculation techniques, attached to different concepts, are used in electronics.
I equate the calculation techniques with denotations and the concepts attached from specific field with connotations. And once I get the meaning I don't need the specific words anymore.
The precursor historical analogs are instructive...,
The terminology takes a backseat to the fact that the experiment has been attempted previously and all the results have been published and are easily enough known.
My interest is in understanding the results obtained by forbears - and in not repeating any of the tactical errors evident from their experimental endeavors.
At no point was my objective to counter anything you had said, rather, my objective was to underscore the permanence and intractibility of the psychological specialization that has arisen in America and to more precisely understand your take on the same. A year and few months ago, for example, PT was arguing rather strongly against this observation, while now, he seems to agree that the schism is a whole lot deeper.
Frankly, I'm still in the process of engaging the phenomenon through copious field Work, direct measurement, and applied engineering. The direction of my own program is orthogonal to those previously endeavored, while fully cognizant of their results.
The direction of my own
Actually, it's not.
What do you teach that's different than what any mainstream educational authority suggests?Â
The Work...,
The Work...,
Which is...
Which is...
"why?" and "how?"
to make the slow (justifying) mind observe and remember parts of the much faster psyche. I haven't had any of them long enough to go beyond relating the interior terrain - in terms they can easily grasp - helping them construct a map of the same, then encouraging them to maintain, read, and use that map as a matter of course. What makes it better still, is that Jappa is a singular resource on the language of form and 20th century uses and abuses of the same - entertainingly able to concretize things that I can only describe.
mainstream educational authority (whatever that is) doesn't even remotely approach the external outline of what we teach, unless you're aware of another program offering;
1. popular cultural production (comics creation)
2. hacktivist tools and techniques (open source software)
3. presented from a Black partisan perspective
btw - we've stretched the meaning of "comics" to encompass any type of digital media the kids would like to experiment with. Here's some of the official blurbiage;
Previous arts based efforts, the Toomer/Orage assembly in the 20's and 30's (and Mumbo Jumbo which points back at the earlier formation and its milieu while encouraging faith-based modernity), i.e., not to get stuck on dogmatic forms but have faith in your own vital and original expressions - focused on pointing adult attention toward genuine psychological methods.
Sadly, the literary coding proved impenetrable to most adults, remains impenetrable to most - though the cultural productions in which these pointers were embedded retain a great deal of exterior subversive and insurgent edutainment value. Most scholars don't even get the "pointing at" aspect of these Works, and those who study long enough to at least grasp what's afoot, never take the next step of actively seeking out and then employing the psychological methods to Work on themselves.
It's like this P6, 99.999% of the public knows what wu shu is, but 99.99 can't use it to whoop anybody, and fewer still know that its its interior disciplines nien kung and chi kung lead to personal evolution.
What makes it better still,
What is Jappa?
Personal expression in digital media using open source tools?
There's a HELL of a lot of them.
What's the message you're using this to present? Those are mere connotations as you present it, but it's actually central to your purpose.
Around here wu shu pork is Chinese food...talk about interior discipline...
we're done now...,
I'll just keep doing what I do, and well, you'll blog....,
I'm not quite done
I just wanted to see this orthoganality.
This may have been the most interesting conversation (to me) that has ever taken place here. I count this as an continuation of My experiment will likely fall on its face. I knew it would be interesting when T3 said
"[C]asting your lots with psychopaths, murderers and misfits." And all I planned was telling white folks how not to act racist in political situations. I honestly thought folks would see that as a Good Thing. I still don't understand why it is NOT seen as such...
And it's obvious it's not.
I also don't understand why no one will simply SAY that (okay, T3 got close enough that he gets full credit).
Xavier Moon's School for Gifted Black Children...,
1. I'm not an essentialist
2 . I am, however, what you might call a "cognitivist" see recent heated dispute in this vein.
3. Having devised - what for me - is a powerful and internally consistent account of why we are as we are, it occurred to me that American racination is a special case of something more widespread and well-established.
4.. The root cause of our difficulty is attributable to the normative mode of cognition in this society, which mode has been variously pointed to as deductivist, conformist, people of the word, or neurotypical It is my opinion that racism cannot take hold in other than neurotypical hosts.
5. Blackness is a wholistic, beneficial, cognitive adaptation arising in response to a particularly adverse and overt instance of neurotypicality. (the racist meme)
6. Neurotypicality doesn't want you to correct its norms, it wants you to conform to its standards or die..., which is precisely why you can't tell these folks jack shit and meaningfully expect it to matter.
7. IMOHO - Because it falls on ears that cannot hear, and eyes that cannot see...,
8. I have elected to embrace and emphasize our acquired differences (mutation - if you like). (there's your first ninety degrees of novelty - right there)
9. My partisanship falls somewhere on a spectrum which oscillates between that of Charles Xavier and Erik Magnus Lehnsherr - depending on which phase the Moon is in. (there's your other ninety degrees, making my approach to the problem 180 degrees from the norm and thereby effectively orthogonal)
Muy, muy interesante
"I still don't understand why it is NOT seen as such..."
Sure ya do. Â The "ranks" are deeply rooted in a cultural-historical-operational context that has limited utility for white folks. Â In fact, most of the "ranks" would just as soon drop kick as fool as temporarily educate them. Â They've (we've) all said as much at various point.
Moreover, nulan's point about looking back at the operational failures of our ancestors/elders is applicable here. Â A number of them ventured down this very path (more or less) and most retreated from this path with some serious scars. Â The scars were principally borne of their faith in the redemption of folks they didn't quite understand. Â King is on this list. Â He came off the list in "Where Do We Go From Here." Â But who would know that? Â No one reads that book. Â DuBois was on the list. Â He came off and took his Great Barrington ass to Ghana - and Stayed - and told the NAACP to kiss his black, communist, african ass. Â I suppose Lenita McClain was on this list before she committed suicide. Â
What you are experiencing here is the deepest sentiment of concern that someone of your considerable talents not piss away your hard-earned genius casting pearls before swine. Â The swine are certainly psychopaths, murderers and misfits. Â I don't believe I need to elucidate on that point. Â I would count folks like WJC and GWB in that group - as well as their respective fan clubs. Â To the extent that dabbling is viewed by "the ranks" as a waste of time and precious resources, your proposal meets with opposition.
If we live in the present (Marian Wright Edelman has some great stuff on this), there is a sense of urgency that attends our choices and drives our expectations. Â What you've proposed comes off as a leisurely, intellectual exercise - the outcome of which is already known. Â Given that, the "ranks" would ask why bother? Â Seriously - why bother? Â What is the reward? Â If you take full measure of the opportunity cost here, you might select another path - you might not. Â It's a choice - and I'm sure it would bear some fruit. Â But the question of quality and quantity remains.
I say this not to suggest that we should all be doing the same thing. Â After all, Bayard Rustin and Malcolm X and Gordon Parks all had different approaches. Â We each should do what we can with what we have and with what we can seize. Â So, the question comes back again - given all that can be done, why this? Â why now? Â OR why not this? Â why not now?
As I've stated upstream, "the goals are sufficiently modest to minimize the adverse impact of casting your lots with psychopaths, murderers and misfits. Be safe!!"
Also...
I wish your Mayhem Academy was around two generations ago. I can't tell you the difference it would have made for my family. Comic books and the opportunity for media creation could have radically transformed our world. I'm reading this thread and I am FEELING the import of your activities because they are truly rooted in where are kids are and where they can go. Great stuff.
I haven't participated in this thread until this morning. Principally, that was due to not having read through the initial post concerning logic and discovery. I would have to say, on the face of it, that the author may not know as much about processes of discovery as would be required to effectively distinguish it from logic.
The author of Medu Netcher explains (to my satisfaction) about the notion that discovery (or non-empirical) ways of knowing enable humans to access an infinite (transpersonal, if you will) repository of knowledge. Logic, by comparison, is more finite - and equally susecptible to challenges of validity and replicability. I suppose it's not entirely clear to me that logic is the foundation for computation. It is entirely conceivable that the origins of computation lie within the discovery of Nile Valley women (several millenia ago) through dream or revelation. The same can be said of the construction of Incan pyramids through sweat lodges and discovery thorugh hallucination.
I would contrast this open question (and these are open questions) with the logical tradition that is alleged to have birthed the many academic disciplines taught in universities. We know, clearly, these disciplines may be founded in part on logic - but also on a deeply-seated need to disprove the allegations of Ancients that northern Europeans were a brutish, ignorant and ugly horde.
Let's just say the Germans had their work cut out for them. Weren't these "scholars" hallucinating when they sought to overthrow the testimony of the Ancient Greeks and Kemites?
Weren't they dreaming when they theorized that craniology and dick length dictated character and brain strength? Pass the weed, bruh - said Blumenbach to Rushton to Seligman to Wattenburg to Volney to ___.
I don't buy this line between the two as particularly useful. Given that our ancestors LIVE in the realm of discovery and that discovery are replicable (they most certainly are), there seems to be considerable value for US in seeing this line for what it is.
I may have missed something in my interpretation - am welcome correction with respect to the excerpt you posted.
CN, I gotta let your
CN, I gotta let your response go because T3 went to the topice of the lesson., EXCEPT to note that neurotypicals may not want to be corrected, but when change comes they flow right with it (being pretty much incapable of resisting).
T3, the distinction isn't between discovery and logic, it's between discovery and justification. Logic is ONE useful tool in discovery; it is the entirety of justification (and I want you to note I don't justify shit). And that had nothing to do with the discussion as it developed. That's one of the reasons I keep topics damn near ridgidly in their respective lanes most of the time...I have never had a conversation online that shifted topics midstream that didn't conflate the topics, thereby ending any utility you can get out of it.
Now...it IS something of a leisurely experiment. It's just not that hard for me to create all the rope they need to hold it down or hang themselves. So why this, why now? Well, frankly the moment has past. But there's a whole lot of Black folks who do not believe in the permanence of racism. A lot of them read DKos and MyDD. I picked MyDD because it's not as noisy as DKos. My intent WAS to identify and neutralize all excuses while everyone was watching. It is a physical fact that some white folks will get it, so I acknowlege the possibility of success, however faint that possibility. And the real deal is, Liza's complaint had less than zero chance of changing things...as I said in another thread, those that began the process will not own it at the end. Steve Gilliard linked posts by the three main FDLers folks complained the same day Liza and Terrance's apologies were published...he has more daily readers than Vogue. If they keep their noses clean until December, that move is over.
But my focus was
In general, I count on people reacting as people do...which means if I tell them what I'm trying to get them to see they'll see their understanding of what I told them rather than what's in front of their face. This is a major reason I just do rather than explain. The other reason, well, I'll get arrogant and quote Gautama:
I can make my thinking more transparent though, and explain some of the tools and supports I have and use. It's something I'd have done a while back if I wasn't juggling personal life. But here we are now.
Working with children...,
T3, there's a non-obvious practical reason for Working with children. Not only are they not as full of shit as adults, who may in fact be only broken machines repeating absurd self-justifications ad infinitum, they also have relatively unimpaired access to the realm of discovery. To the extent that you can help a child keep his/her access unimpaired, - and no one else is going to do that - Work serves a higher purpose.
At the end of the day, this issue is fundamentally about cognition and can only be addressed via cognitive activism. Racination just happens to make for a VERY OBVIOUS set of symptoms - which point in the direction of something far more formidible...,
‘The first abstraction distinguishes our body from the environment, reducing our perceived size from “everything� to a few feet, and that habitual mode of perception repeats ad infinitum.’
o:O:o
Organisms are actually a living hypostasis of something in another dimension. We call the being(s) that ‘live over there’ ‘God.’ — but our models of this are absurdly primitive — almost as primitive as our stories surrounding it. Perhaps even more interesting is that we attack each other and our world, based on differences and errors in the human ‘dolls’ of god, intelligence, liberty and community. One of the most important things we can notice is that human beings never make imaginal replicas of things they have not directly experienced. Literally ‘we do not invent’ — we make a ‘reflective artifact’ of things and beings we had actual contact with.
Why are there so many spiritual dolls of God and not-God in our human cultures, and why are we attacking our own intelligence, children, peoples and planet with them?
http://www.organelle.org/organelle/dolls/dolls.html
Aiight.
I get your drift. Back to your question, though. I believe that your efforts (if viewed on a sufficiently broad and dynamic canvas) could energize those black folk with low to zero expectations of white folks to work amongst themselves. That's one of the main things I took from King, DuBois, Douglass, etc. I mean, there is a fairly significant divide (operational, philosophically, and otherwise) between those leaders whose speeches and advocacy among whites (K-D-D) and those leaders whose efforts prioritized intergenerational institutional development (Washington-Garvey-Muhammad)...It has always seemed to me that the priority needed to be on the internal development because that was where a critical mass of advocates could come from...the other approach seemed like so much dissipation.
Let me give you another
Let me give you another group that could be positively affected: those middle class Black folks who are in fundamental agreement with our more activist cohort but are scared shitless by the language, attitude and presentation used.
The conversational mode helps...a LOT...but that means your post is more hook than message. Consider one question in the very short thread my experiment generated:
...and my response.
There's not a lot of wiggle room for white folks in there. More importantly, this
...is a statement "the crew" really wants white folks to absorb thoroughly...said in a way the middle class contingent would be comfortable repeating. Comfortable integrating into their own thought processes.
It's not just the splash, you know. The ripples count too.